EARTH HISTORY

Circa 14 Billion Years Ago Creation of the Universe.

Circa 4.57 - 4.54 Billion Years Ago Formation of the star Sol and its system of planets, including the planet that would eventually become known as Earth

Circa 3.5 Billion Years Ago The first building blocks of life begin to form on Earth.

Circa 3 Million Years Ago The ape-like genus that will eventually produce the Human race evolves on Earth.

70,000 BC A dramatic population bottleneck is to blame for the period around 70,000 BC as a result of the Toba Supervolcano eruption. After this time, and until the development of agriculture around the 11th millenium BC, it is estimated that the world population stabilized at about one million people whose subsistence entailed hunting and foraging, a lifestyle that by its nature ensured a low population density. The total world population probably never exceeded 15 million inhabitants before the invention of agriculture.

10,000 - 1000 Years Before the Third Age Circa 5000 B.C. The human civilisation dawns on Earth. The city-state/Empire of Babylon and the area known as Mesopotamia, located between the banks of the Tigris and the Euphrates are widely considered to be the cradle of human civilisation.

The wheel is used in Mesopotamia, modern day Iraq. 

3114 BC, August 13 Start of the Mayan calendar. The Mayans had 20 days in their month starting with day 0 and ending with day 19. They understood zero not only as a place holder, but as a true counting number.

3100 BC Work begins on Stonehenge in England. Some of the stones came from 240 miles away, the Preseli Mountains in southwestern Wales. What possessed the Neolithic people to build such a momument is still unknown. 

2900 BC First Egyptian hieroglyphs

2750 BC Egyptians build first known dam called the Sadd el-Kafara 37 ft tall, 348 ft wide of rubble masonry filled with 100,000 tons of gravel and stone.

2700 BC Egyptians create 365 day calendar with new year starting in June.

2575 BC Work begins on the Great Pyramid at Giza in Egypt.

2000 BC  Minoan Bronze age culture on Crete develops hieroglyphic script and extensive palace complex at Knossos. 

1650-1700 BC Minoan "Linear A" asyllabic script created - still undeciphered.

1650 BC Minoan "Linear B" script created.

1450 BC Minoan culture destroyed perhaps by the Mycenaeans 

1200 BC Invasion of the Sea Peoples destroys Mycenaean civilization. Greece enters a 400 year "Dark Age"; writing was forgotten; cities abandoned. Linear B would not be read again until modern times.

1185 BC  Trojan War.

1130 BC  Iron used for weapons and tools.

1120 BC Magnetic compass invented

1100 BC Phoenicians develop alphabetic script 

1000 BC Chinese develop gunpowder by mixing saltpeter, charcoal, and
sulfur and grinding carefully 

750-700? BC Homer writes the Iliad and the Odyssey

750-680? BC Hesiod writes Theogony, ("Birth of the Gods"), which details a version of Greek mythology.

776 BC Olympic games start in Greece.

775-750 BC Lycurgus gives laws to the Spartans which included the banning of silver and gold, redistribution of all land, creation of a senate, eating at public mess (so no dainty desire for expensive food would develop), and forbidding all useless occupations.

753 BC According to legend, Rome is founded by Romulus. Twelve birds circled overhead during the founding ceremonies and legend had it that the city would survive for 12 centuries.

725 BC  Sparta conquers Messenia and forms Helot slavery. Having slaves to do all the tedious work of farming allows the Spartans to spend all their time in military training.

650 BC Earliest coins appear. Later, Lydian kingdom produces the first true coins with guaranteed quality and weight.

650 BC Earliest writing in the Americas by the Olmec culture.

621 BC Draco publishes his harsh laws for Athens. Many crimes punishable by death (hence the term 'Draconian').

600 BC Anaximander theorizes that humans arose from other species.

594 BC Wide reaching reforms of Solon in Athens.

585 BC, May 28  Greek philosopher Thales predicts an eclipse.

559 BC  Cryus the Great becomes king and will lead Peria to form a great empire that will stretch from Egypt to India.

550 BC  The Greek engineer Eupalinos designs a water tunnel 1036 meters long through a solid limestone mountain to bring water to the ancient city of Samos. Work started on both ends and met in the middle, an extraordinary feat of ancient mentioned by Herodotus.

532 BC  Pythagoras starts his school in Croton Greece. He founds a brotherhood which sees the world through numbers.

508 BC  Cleisthenes reforms enacted in Athens. Attica divided into demes.

505 BC  Cleisthenes starts what will become democracy in Athens

500 BC  The concept of the wheel roles into Britain, but not the Americas.

490 BC  Twenty-six miles from Athens on the plain of Marathon, 11,000 Athenians fight 100,000 Persians. If the Greeks lose the battle, the city of Athens will flee to the hills. If the Athenians win the battle at Marathon, the Athenians will stay and try to hold the city against the Persian navy. While the battle rages the Athenians waited for the word, to flee or to fortify. A lone runner, Eucles, runs 26 miles and brings the much awaited news. According to legend, he utters "Nike" (victory) and then dies from exhaustion. 6,400 Persians are killed but only 192 Greeks.

480 BC  Spartan King Leonidas, 300 Spartans, and their allies make a sacrificial last stand at Thermopylae against Xerxes and the Persians. King Xerxes demands the surrender of the Greeks weapons, to which King Leonidas replies, "Molon Labe", or "Come and take them." (See: Texas Independence, "Come and Take It" flag).

479 BC  Athenian navy is victorious over the Persian Navy at battle of Salamis.

479 BC  110,000 Greek hoplites defeat 300,000 Persians at the battle of Plataea. The Persians suffered 257,000 casualties, the Greek only 159.

480 BC  Anaxagoras of Clazomenae arrives in Athens. He taught the philosophy of Ionia to the Athenians sparking the flowering of Western philosophy.

485 BC  Protagoras of Abdera (485-415) is born. He states that truth, goodness, and all other values are relative, depending solely on the person or society.

484-425 BC  Herodotus of Halicarnassus aka, the first Historian. Oddly enough, for being a Historian, we know practically nothing about him. He writes The Histories about the Persian War with Greece creating the genre of historical writing.

460-455 BC  Birth of Thucydides who writes The Peloponnesian War and builds upon Herodotus's work of recording history. Thucydides though, is more direct and rigorous in his writing, leaving out extraneous stories and dubious material. He also omits references to the gods as causing events in human affairs.

480 BC Second Persian War. The Athenians retreat, and the Persian forces led by Xerxes destroy Athens, but Greek forces win a major naval battle at Salamis.

371 BC  The Theban commander Epaminondas defeats the reigning champs of the Peloponnese, the Spartans, in the Battle of Leuctra. This is the beginning of the end of the Spartans as a Greek superpower.

450 BC  Twelve Tables of Roman law are published.

433 BC  The Parthenon in Athens is completed after 40 years of work. This stunning piece of architecture was the crowning achievement of Pericles.

430 BC  Democritus theorizes that matter is composed of tiny grains that cannot be subdivided. He calls them "atomos".

415 BC  The disastrous Athenian invasion of Sicily. Before his death, Pericles warned the Athenians not to try to expand their empire until the war with Sparta was completed. They knew better and destroyed two fleets trying to win new territory. Although not the final blow in the war with Sparta, this disaster started the decline of Athens.

406 BC  Battle of Arginusae.

404 BC  Sparta finally defeats Athens in the Peloponnesian War with a navy financed by the Persians.

399 BC  Socrates is put on trial. He is arrogant and antagonistic during the proceedings. Had he been more gracious he might have escaped the hemlock. The vote was 281 to 220.

396 BC  Rome defeats the Etruscan city of Veii after 80 years of war and starts the eventual rise of Rome. The Etruscans were skilled engineers and craftsmen. Many of the "Roman" innovations, like their numerals, were really taken from the Etruscans.

371 BC  The Thebans defeat of a Spartan Army at Leucrra. This marks the end of the centuries-old Spartan reputation of being unbeatable.

386 BC  The Gallic Senones tribesmen sack Rome and occupy it for seven months. The Romans never forgot this.

386 BC  Plato starts "The Academy" in Athens.
Battle of Mantinea  Epaminondas leads the Thebans to war against the Spartans again, and wins again. He is killed in the battle. The war between Thebes and Sparta leaves Greece weaken just in time for the upstart Macedonians to enter the stage.

21 July 356 BC Herostratus burns the temple of Artemis in Ephesus to ground in an attempt to immortalize his name. Alexander the Great was born the same night. 

338 BC  Philip of Macedon conquers Greece in the battle of Chaeronea.

336 BC  Aristotle starts "The Lyceum" in Athens .

333 BC Alexander the Great defeats Persia under Darius at battle of Issus. Alexander was the fourth in a line of great men and scholars: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle. Darius escapes and gathers his forces for the next battle.

October 1, 331 BC Alexander's 35,000 troops fight Darius's 200,000 in the battle of Gaugamela. Darius has leveled the wide plain to allow better use of his chariots and superior numbers. Alexander leads his troops off to the edge of the prepared field. This tatic opens a gap in the Persian lines that Alexander drives into, threatening King Darius himself. In panic Darius flees. Seeing their king depart, some in the Persian army scatter. 

332 BC Alexander the Great conquers Egypt. The Greeks bring coinage into Egypt for the first time.
Summer 326 BC At the Hyphasis river, Alexander's army refuses to march further into India and he is forced to turn back.

323 BC Alexander dies near Babylon and is reported to have left kingdom, "to the best". Four of his generals carve up the empire and usher in the Hellenistic period.
310 BC Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos born. He was one of the first to suggest the earth moved about the sun.

287 BC Strato of Lampsacus (ca. 340-ca. 270 BC) becomes the third head of the Aristotle's school, the Lyceum. Strato correctly theorizes that objects accelerate when falling. He notes this by observing water flows from a roof as a solid stream at first and then breaks into droplets as it is getting faster. Another demonstration is that stones dropped from higher heights have larger craters in sand.

297 BC  The Pharos Lighthouse built by the Ptolemies

279 BC "One more such victory and we are lost," said the Greek King Pyrrhus after the battle of Asculum in Italy with the Romans.

280 BC  King Pyrrhus of Epirus wins a battle against the Romans, but his casualties are very high.

264-241 BC  First Punic War between Rome and Carthage (called "Punic" from "Phoenician"). Hamilcar Barca commands the army and never loses a major battle. Hamilcar feels betrayed when the politicians of Carthage surrender. He feels they can still win the war. Hamilcar makes his son Hannibal swear an oath to hate Rome.

250  Alexandrian Librarian Eratosthenes of Cyrene calculates dimensions of the earth to within a 5 percent. After reading that on the summer solstice the sun is directly overhead at Aswan and shines straight down into a well, one the same day of the year, he calculates the angle of a shadow at noon in Alexandria to be 7 degrees. Knowing the distance to Aswan was 5,000 stadia, the circumference must be 360/7 times larger or about 250,000 stadia (25,000 miles). 

206 BC  Qin Shi Huang dies - first emperor to unite all of china.

218 BC  Second Punic War - Hannibal Barca crosses the Alps to attack Rome. (Hannibal is praised by Machiavelli for being brutal in visible examples, thereby gaining order in his army, so the amount of true cruelty to his soldiers was less than if he had been softer). Hannibal is wildly successful militarily, but cannot pry the Italian cities away from Rome.

216 BC  Hannibal has one of the greatest military victories at Cannae. About 70,000 men from the Roman forces are killed, only 6,000 of Hannibal's.

202 BC  Hannibal defeated at the battle of Zama by Scipio Africanus.

133 BC  Tiberius Gracchus has Marcus Octavius physically ejected from the Assembly to prevent Octavius from vetoing one of Tiberius's laws. This egregious violation of ancient law and custom starts a series of events that will eventually destroy the Republic. Ironically, Plutarch claimed Marcus Octavius was an ancestor of Emperor Augustus.

87-80 BC  Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla fight over Rome. Sulla makes himself dictator and resigns in 80 BC.

73 BC  Spartacus, a former Roman soldier and gladiator fights against Rome. 

44 BC  Julius Caesar assassinated.

52 BC, September Battle of Alesia - Vercingetorix, leader of the Gauls, retreats to a natural fortress at Alesia. Caesar orders his men to build fortifications all around the fortress so Vercingetorix is trapped inside. Reinforcements for the Gauls start to arrive, and Caesar orders his men to build fortifications on the other side. The Romans are now trapped inside a "donut" with Gauls on the inside and outside. Caesar narrowly wins the battle through a personal charge with his German cavalry.

51 BC  Cleopatra & Ptolemy XII inherit Egypt. Ptolemy was the name of Alexander the Great's general who "inherited" Egypt. Cleopatra was the name of Alexander the Great's sister. Almost three centuries later, the Greek influence in Egypt was still strong.

31 BC  Against all odds, Octavian defeats Antony at battle of Actium. (His soldiers lose heart when Antony leaves the fight to follow Cleopatra who is fleeing the battle). 

27 BC  Caesar Augustus made Roman Emperor.

5 BC - 6 AD  5 BC - 6 AD  Jesus born

1 AD Unfortunately, since the scholars designing the new calendar didn't have the concept of zero, the new date system is calculated to start at year 1.

1 AD Unfortunately, since the scholars designing the new calendar didn't have the concept of zero, the new date system is calculated to start at year 1.

9 AD Battle of Teutoberg Forest - 20,000 Roman soldiers under the command of Publius Quinctilius Varus in Germany are ambushed while in a long convoy line through the Teutoberg Forest. Many years later Emperor Augustus, desperately needing those legions, went around the palace late at night muttering, "Varus, give me back my legions." 
~30  Jesus is crucified.
70 The Romans under Titus destroy Jerusalem, after a long siege; 1.5 million Jews die. The gold taken from the temple finances the Colosseum in Rome.

85-165 Claudius Ptolemy devises a framework of Astronomy which will last for 1400 years. He also calculates pi as 3+8/60+30/602 which in decimals is "3.1416666...", not too bad an estimate for the time.

96-180  Rome has several consecutive "Good Emperors": Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius and Marcus Aurelius .

120s  Roman Emperor Hadrian begins the impressive 73 mile long defensive wall in the north of England to keep out the Picts and other warring tribes.

250s  Beginning of the Classic period for the Maya.

313 Edict of Milan is issued. Christians are now tolerated in the Roman Empire.

361  Emperor Julian, "The Apostate," tries to return the Empire back to the Pagan religions.

378. August 9 The Battle of Adrianople (Hadrianopolis) - the beginning of the end of Roman military power. Not waiting for reinforcements becasue he wanted all the glory for himself, Emperor Valens gives the order to his weary men to attack the circled wagons of the Goths. In a surprise to all, the absent Gothic Cavalry happens to return just as the battle is about to begin. The heavy Cavalry routes the light horsemen of the Romans and is victorious over the Roman infantry. Some scholars think this was a historic turning point in the tactics of warfare when the Cavalry gained supremacy over infantry. Others counter that the Roman infantry could have withstood the Cavalry if they had been properly rested, trained, and had a better commander. In either case, the Battle of Adrianople shook the confidence of the Roman Empire. From this point onward the Romans will deal in a defensive manner with the Goths. The Goths were originally glad to be allowed to enter the Empire, but were treated very badly and abused by corrupt Roman administrators. This treatment angered the Goths and they turned against the Romans.

410 Rome sacked by Visigoths under Alaric

476, September 4 Odovacar, a Germanic chieftain, removes the last western Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus. His name is ironic since Romulus founded Rome and Augustus was its first emperor. 

496 Clovis converts to orthodox Christianity

541 Justinian's Plague starts and kills 40% of Constantinople by 544 and 25% of Europe south of the Alps. By the Eighth century this bubonic plague disappears mysteriously not to return to Europe until the Fourteenth century.

550 Persians use windmills to power irrigation pumps.

570 Mohammad born. Syria, Jerusalem, Egypt, Persia, & N. Africa fall to Muslim armies many decades later.

600 - 1600 Medieval: A Dark age dawn’s on Earth.  1000 years of religious anti-technological believes.

632  Muhammad dies.

637  A vastly superior army of Iranian Sassanians is defeated by determined Arab Muslims in the battle of Qadisiyya. 

650  The beginning of the Mississipian Cahokia culture in America, the most advanced of the plains people. The Cahokia people will build the largest earthen mound structure in North America, Monk's Mound and create an astronomic observatory now known as Woodhenge, and trade from the Great Lakes to the Gulf coast. They decline in 1400, a century before the Europeans arrive. 

657-680  The earliest poem written in English, Caedmon's Hymn, is composed. 

732 Battle of Tours, Charles Martel stops a Muslim army and the Muslim advance into Western Europe.

793  Vikings start raiding Ireland.

800 The "Medieval Warming Period" starts and lasts until 1315 or 1350. The Vikings settle Greenland. English farmers grow grapes for wine. Temperatures rise in Europe and farming does well. The population on Europe swells.

900s Fall of the Mayan Classic period. Cities deserted all over Mesoamerica.

999  Gerbert (940-1003) becomes Pope Sylvester II and writes about "Arabic" numerals. Unfortunately the new numbering system doesn't really take hold in Europe until the 14th century. From Paul Gans "It should be noted that the Arabic numerals were neither invented by nor used by the Arabs. They were developed in India by the Hindus around

600 AD." (I dimly remember reading about "counting boards" being used with roman numerals in US Colonial times. Does anyone else remember hearing that?)

1009  An army led by Caliph al-Hakim destroys the church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. This desecration will be a rallying point for the Crusades to come.
1095  Pope Urban II calls for the First Crusade to protect the Christian pilgrims from attack. In 1099 they succeed.

1024  The Chinese issue the first paper money.

1066  Harold Godwinson wins the Battle of Stamford Bridge and a second battle at Fulford against the Viking invaders of England lead by Harold Hardraada. Harold then marched his weary army to Hastings to meet yet another invader, Duke William of Normandy. Harold Godwinson was defeated, and the period of Norman domination began. William brought with him the French practice of building stone castles. Few stone castles had been in England before, but by only 1100 England had 84.

1086  The Doomsday Book is written for William the Conqueror to detail the wealth and property of England. 

1099  The first crusade captures Jerusalem.

1140  Angkor Wat, a huge temple complex, is built in Cambodia.

1144  Second Crusade started by Bernard of Clairveaux after the Christian kingdom of Edessa falls to Muslims.

1149  Oxford University is founded in Oxford England.

1175  The Toltec civilization collapses in Mexico.

1187  The magnetic compass becomes common for ocean going ships.

1200  The Mayan culture revives after it's collapse in 900ad and survives until the 1450s when it falls shortly before the Europeans arrive.

1202  Leonardo Fibonacci publishes "The Book of the Abacus" and revolutionizes mathematics in Europe.

1206  Genghis Khan leads the Mongol armies. 30 to 60 million people are killed in their campaigns building the largest known land empire. It stretched from the Pacific Ocean to the Black Sea. 

1204  On the way to the holy land for the Fourth Crusade, the Crusaders get a little confused and take over Constantinople instead.
1215, June 15  King John of England and his nobles sign the Magna Carta.

1223  Genghis Kahn invades Russia.

1241 April 9 The Battle of Liegnitz is fought between Prince Henry and the Mongols commanded by Batu Khan for control of Poland. The Mongols successfully defeated another European army.

1242  Florence Italy mints the florin, the first gold coin in Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire. It is a sign that stability, trade, and wealth are returning to Europe. The florin would remain a popular coin for five centuries.

1250  European sailors now begin to use the magnetic compass.

1275  Marco Polo starts on his alleged trip to China. He returns in 1295 to Venice.

1281, August  After conquering most of Asia, Kublai Khan invades Japan with 4,400 ships and 140,000 soldiers, but a Typhoon, a "Divine wind", (Kamikaze) destroys most of the fleet. 70,000 troops die in the storm - the worst naval disaster in history.

1285  Spectacles for the farsighted are invented in Italy. 

1300  Eyeglasses are common in Rome for scholars. 

1300  After 1,500 years, the Anasazi of Arizona abandon their cliff dwellings for unknown reasons. 

1300  Gunpowder is being used for warfare in England after being introduced to Europe in 1242.

1315 Great Famine of 1315-1317 Torrential rains and cool weather devastate crops in Europe. Millions die. Criminal activity increases. Acts of cannibalism, infanticide, and child abandonment abounds. The Medieval Warming Period is waning.

1309  Pope Clement V moves papacy to Avignon, starting the 70 year "Babylonian Exile" in France.

1323  The Aztec tribe is forced to flee their homeland to a remote island in a lake because they sacrificed a young Colhua princess from the neighboring tribe to their god instead of marrying her to a prince. In their new island home they see an eagle perched on a cactus which the Aztecs, or Mexica as they are called, take for a divine sign that this is their home. 

1337  Timur-i Lang (Tamerlane) a Muslim conqueror of Mongol descent, is born. Through a savage campaign, he wins a huge territory in the middle east and Asia. Some think his feats rival Alexander the Great. 17 million people may have died from his conquests. 

1346  The Bubonic plague starts in China and moves westward aided by the ease of travel in the Mongol empire. The Mongols laid siege to the port of Kaffa on the Crimean peninsula and catapulted plague corpses into the beseiged city. The Mongol army withdraws, but has succeeded in bringing the plague to Europe. 

1346  The Black Plague (aka Bubonic) enters Sicily. Contemporary accounts place the death toll at one third of inhabitants. Vast social changes result. Workers become a scarce commodity, increasing their bargaining power with employers. Farm land reverts back to forests as the number of farmers decrease it is believed that 75 to 100 million die. 

1346  English defeat the French at battle of Crecy.

1415  Using the Welsh longbow, the English devastate the French at Agincourt. 

1431  Joan of Arc burned at the stake. She is credited with leading the French in victory over the English. The English had been dominating France since Agincourt. The Welsh Longbow was a major reason. Joan of Arc was helped by artillery that could now damage castle walls.

1441  First documented black African slaves imported into Europe.

1453 The Christian kingdom of Constantinople finally falls to the Muslims. Mahomet II using European artillery mercenaries destroys the walls. This is the first use of a forward observer to direct artillery fire whose crews cannot see their targets. In a sense this is the final fall of the Roman Empire.

1455  German inventor Johann Gutenberg revolutionizes knowledge transfer. He improves or invents three items: the printing press, movable metal type, and an oil-based ink. His first work is the 42-line Bible.

1462  Ivan III finally overthrows the mongol overlords and declares Russia the third Rome; which is why the title 'Czar' sounds so much like 'Ceasar'.

1476  The Chimu civilization in Peru is defeated by the rising power of the Inca. The Chimu started around 1100. 

1487  Aztec ruler Ahuitzotl sacrifices 20,000 prisoners to the Aztec war god Huitzilopochtli.

1489  Instead of using abbreviated words to indicate addition and subtraction, German mathematician Johann Widmann starts the practice of using the symbols "+" and "-".

1492, October 12  Queen Isabella's advisers correctly state that China could be visited by going West since they knew the earth was round, but that a ship would run out of supplies first since it was so far. Chistopher Columbus uses some creative math and Fortunately for Christopher Columbus the Americas got in the way. He lands in the Bahamas. He dies in 1506 still thinking he had landed in Asia.

1494  Charles VIII invades Italy with new bronze cannons. In only eight hours, the French break through the fortress walls of Monte San Giovanni, which had previously withstood a siege of seven years. The arrival of the mobile cannon greatly reduces the value of fortresses and had wide political impact - mostly increasing the power of kings over their nobles, since nobles could no longer defy the king and hide behind their castle walls.

1498  Captain Vasco da Gama becomes the first European to travel to India via sea.

1500  Portuguese trader Cabral swings to far West in his route to India and accidently discovers Brazil. If Columbus had not been successful eight years earlier, this is when the New World would be discovered.

1513  Vasco Nunez de Balboa is the first European to see the Pacific ocean. Jealous of his fame, members of the Spanish court convince the King that Balboa is guilty of treason. Balboa is beheaded in 1519.

1514  After studying in Italy, Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) returns to Poland convinced that the earth revolves around the sun. He dedicates his work to his friend Pope Paul III. 

1517  An Augustinian monk, Martin Luther, nails his 95 theses to the church door in Wittenberg; unknowingly initiating the Protestant revolution. 

1519  Ferdinand Magellan starts what will be the first circumnavigation of the globe. He is killed in 1521, but 15 of his sailors will continue back to Europe. 

1521  Hernando Cortez conquers the Aztec empire by turning its neighbors against it. 

1521, May  The Constable of France, Charles de Bourbon, attacks Rome. He is killed early by a crossbow dart, but his army sacks the treasures of ages from the eternal city. 

1532, November Inca ruler Atahuallpa mets Francisco Pizarro. Atahuallpa
wanted to impress the Spanish and the Inca by coming to the meeting with 4,000 unarmed men showing that he was so powerful he needed no soldiers to protect the royal personage. The Spanish slaughter the Incas and hold Atahuallpa hostage. With 150 men, Pizarro conquers the Inca empire of six million people. Moral to the story: Don't trust strangers wanting gifts.

1536  John Calvin writes The Institutes of the Christian Religion. 

1550-1850  The Little Ice Age strikes Europe. After the Medievel Warming Period, when climate was ideal for raising grains in Europe, temperatures start to fall, and with them the fortunes of many in Europe. Crops fail and many starve and freeze to death.

1556  Earthquake in China kills 830,000. 

1572  The Massacre of St. Bartholomew. Tens of thousands of Huguenots (French Protestants) are killed in France.

1575  In Japan two armies meet. The side with guns wins for the first time, yet by mutual agreement, guns are outlawed 100 years later. 

1585 Thomas Hariot first writes about an amazing herbal remedy introduced to him by the local peoples of America called tobacco. (It's really the revenge of the indigenous peoples of America - its killed more Europeans than they could have imagined).

1582, October 4 To correct for the drifting of the equinox from March 21, Pope Gregory XIII decrees that the next day would be October 15. Not all countries obey his edict and many disputes arise over interest to be paid, and wages.

1569 Gerardus Mercator publishes his cylindrical projection of the earth.

1588 Philip II's Spanish Armada of 130 ships attack England, but are defeated.
March 20, 1602  United East India Company (Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie ), or the VOC founded. This was the first multinational joint-stock company, a landmark in economic development. The VOC prospered for centuries, but went bankrupt in 1795 due to corruption and poor management. 

1603, Feb 7  Battle at Glenfruin when the MacGregors slaughtered the Colquhouns (my ancestors). 

1609  The city of Santa Fe, New Mexico is founded. 

1617, Apr 4  John Napier, inventor of logarithms (1614) and Napier's Bones (ivory sticks which foreshadowed the slide rule) dies in Edinburgh. 

1619  Johann Kepler finally solves the mystery of the motion of the planets. The early Greeks thought the study of the heavens was the highest calling of mankind and Johann discovered the plan. He stated three laws of planetary motion. His third law states: "The squares of the planets' orbital periods are proportional to the cubes of the semi-major axes of their orbits." I personally think he is one of the most underrated scientist in history.

1620 Pilgrims arrive at Plymouth. 

1648 1/4 of Polish Jews are massacred, many move to Jerusalem. 

1685  The Edict of Nantes revoked by Louis XIV in France. Many Huguenots are killed and many (like my ancestors) flee France.

1653,Dec 16  Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. 

1686  Isaac Newton writes Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy which shows the laws of the heavens are the same as the laws of earth.

1707, October Four British warships lead by Admiral Shovell run aground on the Scilly Islands off the English coast killing 2000 sailors. This intensifies the search for a solution to "The Longitude Problem". Eventually solved by John Harrison with an accurate clock.

1712 Thomas Newcomen creates the first successful steam engine used to evacuate water from mines.

1714 Jethro Tull perfects the seed drill, which produces eight times more wheat from the sown seed. For his efforts, he is vilified.

1735 Carolus Linneaus creates a taxonomic system for naming species

1754 Scottish chemist Joseph Black discovers carbon dioxide and later the latent heat of fusion. 

1776 The American colonies declare themselves independent of Great Britain.

1776, September 6 David Bushnell navigates his primitive submarine, the Turtle, toward a British ship. His attempt at sinking the ship fails, but scares the blockading British ship away.

1777, September 7 A British sharpshooter, Major Patrick Ferguson, has an American officer in his sights, but does not fire, since it would be unprofessional to kill an unsuspecting officer. The officer is later revealed to be George Washington. 

1778, January 18 James Cook is the first European to travel to Hawaii.

1781, October 19 General Cornwallis surrenders to the colonists in American while the band plays "The World Turned Upside Down". 25,000 Americans died in the war.

1783, November 21 First manned hot air balloon flight in Paris by Jean Francois Pilatre de Rozier and Marquis D'Arlands.

1786  Sir William Jones, Chief Justice of India, proposes that Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, and many European languages were all descended from a common Proto-Indo-European language.

1789, July 14 The French Revolution begins with the storming of the Bastille to free prisoners. Oddly enough the Bastille was empty of any real prisoners.

1791, November 4 Miami Chief 'Little Turtle' inflicts the worst defeat by Native Americans on the US Army under the command of Arthur St. Clair, ninth President of the Continental Congress in the Battle of Wabash. Six hundred soldiers are killed, one-quarter of the US Army.

1790 Based on traveling thouands of miles in England, John McAdam invents a new way to create roads by using crushed stones and gravel to remove water quickly from the roadbed. His improvement allows for faster travel and more trade in England.

1795 The Metric system of measurement was introduced into France.

1798 Thomas Malthus publishes An Essay on the Principle of Population claiming starvation was inevitable for the human race. Oddly enough, 200 years later the world is better feed than ever, but many still believe him.

1801 Joseph-Marie Jacquard invents a loom that uses punched cards to create designs in fabric. Workers fearful for their jobs threw their sabots, or shoes, into the machines to destroy them; giving rise to our word 'sabotage'. 

1803 It is estimated that the population of the world reached one billion for the first time

1804 Napoleon is crowned Emperor of France.

1805  Napoleon's navy defeated at the Battle of Trafalgar by Nelson. The British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson defeats a combined Spanish-French Fleet. AGAMEMNON was the name of one of his ships

1805, April 27  William Eaton leads the first American overseas miltary action on land. Against enormous odds, the Marines and mercenaries take the city of Derna, Tripoli. 

1812, June 24  Napoleon takes Moscow, but its a hallow victory. The city is burned to the ground and the Tsar does not surrender. Napoleon and whats left of the Grand Armee retreat.

1812  During the War of 1812, the British under the command of General Robert Ross attack Washington DC and burned the White House, but not before enjoying a lovely dinner prepared by Dolly Madison before she fled. 

1815, June 18  Napoleon defeated at Waterloo

1816  The Year Without a Summer. Mount Tambora erupts and throws so much dust in the air that it causes 10 inches of snow to fall in June in New England (US). Crops fail and famine is common. Many blame Benjamin Franklin and his experiments with electricity for the freak weather. Mary Shelley is forced inside and writes Frankenstein.

1822  Jakob Grimm, of Grimm Fairy Tales fame, proposes 'Grimm's Law' - that many consonants have shifted in a consistent way from Non-Germanic languages (like Latin and Greek) to Germanic languages (like English). For example, 'p's become 'f's, as in Latin 'pater' becoming English 'father'; Latin 'pisces' becomes English 'fish'. 

1833  Charles Babbage designs the Difference Machine - a forerunner of the modern computer. Traditionally it was thought to fail because metallurgy was not yet advanced enough. Recent views blame his machinist for wasting the money and being lazy.

1833  England outlaws slavery and frees 780,993 slaves in its possessions.

1838 January 24 Samuel Morse demonstrates the telegraph in public.

1840, March 28 The ironclad gunboat, the Nemesis, built by a Scottish shipbuilder John Laird, leaves England bound for China becoming the first ironclad to round the Cape of Good Hope. In China, she destroys nine war-junks, five forts, two military stations and a shore battery in a single day. The technological gap in warfare is widdening between Europe and the rest of the world.

1845-1848  The Great Hunger (aka Potato Famine). Blight causes potato crop to fail. 1.5 million die of starvation and disease. Ireland still exports grain to England to pay rents. Help from England was too little too late.

1847, Sept 14 United States troops enter Mexico City under the command of General Winfield Scott. A treaty ending the Mexican American war was signed in February.

1848, February 26 Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels publish a little pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto.

1850-1864 The Taiping Rebelion ends up being a widespread civil war in southern china, led by hong xiuquan who had visions that he was the brother of Jesus Christ, the ruling Manchu led Qing Dynasty fought the rebels with the death of 20 million people died, mainly civilians and is one of the deadliest military conflicts in history  

1854  Admiral Perry visits Japan with his Black Ships and opens trade with the West.

1854, October 25  During the Crimean War, Lord Cardigan led the British cavalry against the Russians in what would become known as "The Charge of the Light Brigade".

1856 Louis Pasteur shows that disease is spread from tiny, little organisms, instead of bad vapors. Germ theory is born.

1859  Charles Darwin publishes Origin of Species.

1859 George Bissel sees prices for whale oil skyrocketing as the spermicitti whales are overhunted and gambles on hiring Edwin Drake to drill an oil well in Titusville, PA. Progress is very slow and Bissel mails Drake to shut down the well. Fortunately the letter arrives late. Edwin Drake had just stuck the first oil well the day before. Whale oil was selling for 5 dollars a gallon, and kerosene soon sold for 10-25 cents a gallon. 

1860  James Clerk Maxwell completes his four equations of
electromagnetism.

1860  Herman Hollerith invents an electronic tabulator for the US Census. He starts a company that eventually becomes IBM.

1864, February 17 The Confederate H. L. Hunley becomes the first submarine to sink an enemy ship, the Union Housatonic. The Hunley sinks shortly afterwords killing all nine men on board.

1864, April 19  The CSS Albemarle, a Confederate ironclad designed by an 19 year old, and built in a corn field, sinks a Union ship and wins the Battle of Plymouth for the South.

1865 Augustinian monk Gregor Mendel lays the foundation for modern genetics

1862, May 4  A scout in the Civil War became the first person to be killed by a pressure activated land mine. This novel instrument of war was developed by Southern Gabriel J. Rains. and has been a scourge of the earth ever since. Land mines caused a third of the American injuries in Vietnam War.

1866  Prussia invades Austria. Prussia had smartly sent observers to the American Civil War. They learned of railroads, telegraphs, and new firearms. The Prussians used this newfound knowledge in a war with Austria. They slaughtered the Austrians using their new Needle guns which used a cartridge instead of muzzle loading, and could be reloaded in a prone position. With the railroads they brought fresh troops quickly to battle areas.

1866  The United States and Europe are connected by a 2,500 mile long telegraph cable.

1867, August 2  Using their new .50 caliber Springfield breech loading rifles, 26 soldiers from Fort Kearny, Wyoming fend off 1,500 Lakota Indians led by Red Cloud in "The Wagon Box Fight". The Lakota attacked in waves. The second wave expected to kill the reloading soldiers, but instead were greeted by a round of bullets from the new repeating rifles. Three soldiers and approximately 50 Indians were killed. 

1876  Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone.

1876  Michelson and Morley fail to verify the existence of the ether.

1876  At the Battle of Little Big Horn, the Sioux, Cheyenne, and Crow Indians defeated General George Custer's troops. Many have speculated that if Custer had not split his troops, and kept the cannon, he could have won easily. 25% of the Indians are estimated to have had superior weapons than the US Cavalry. The Indians had Spencers, Winchesters, and Henry repeating rifles. Custer's men were armed primarily with the Springfield single shot rifles.

August 26,1883  The island volcano of Krakatoa in Indonesia brilliantly explodes. 36,000 people are killed. The tide is influenced in England and fine volcanic dust settles in New York. The sound of the explosion is heard 3,000 miles away.
April 20, 1898 The Spanish-American War starts. Newspaper reports of alleged atrocities by the Spaniards against Cubans fanned the flames for the US to intervene to free the Cubans from their Colonial overlords. Ironically after the war, The US was in possession of its own colonies of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. 

1899-1902  Boer War. The descendants of the Dutch fight for independence from Britain.

1901  Guglielmo Marconi sends the first wireless transatlantic radio signal from England to Newfoundland.

1903  Orville and Wilbur Wright fly the first heavier than air craft. 

1904  Japanese sink half the Russian fleet in the opening move of the Russo-Japanese war. The Russians badly underestimate the modern Japanese fleet which a year later destroys most of the remaining navy. The Japanese used the new Marconi radios to scout for the oncoming Russian Navy.

1905 While working as a patent clerk, Albert Einstein, publishes his theory of relativity and also states energy equals matter (E = mc2). This is his 'miracle year'. He publishes four vastly different papers. Three of them are Nobel prize winning material in their own right.

1906  HMS Dreadnought starts new era in warships. It was unique in some of the following ways: more armor (11 inch plate), larger than predecessors (18,000 tons), used steam turbine engine for smoother, faster, more reliable power, used single caliber guns instead of a mix of large and small guns. The Dreadnought battleship design started a very expensive arms race. 

1911  Rutherford proposes the 'Solar System' model of the atom. 

1911  Instead of each state's legislature selecting them, United States senators are to be elected by popular vote. 

1912  The unsinkable Titanic goes down with over 1,500 souls. A steward from the White Star Line is reported as having said, "Not even God Himself can sink this ship". "Hubris" is what the Greeks called it. 

1914 On Sunday, 28 June, at approximately 10:45 am, Franz Ferdinand and his wife were killed in  Sarajevo, the capital of the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia & Herzegovina, by Gavrilo Princip, 19 at the time, a member of You of a group of assassins organized by the Black Hand. The event led to a chain of events that will eventually triggered the first World War.

Austria-Hungary Empire declares war on Serbia, the Russian Empire allied to Serbia and willing to go to war to save Serbia's sovrenty declares war.

German Empire declares war on Russia.

1914, August 3  Germany declares war on France starting the "war to end all wars".

The British Empire neutral so far of the events in Europe but allied to neutral Belgium had to honor its treaty as the Germans invade Belguim to outflank the French. 

1915 With the offensives of both sides now drawn to a halt,  the opposing sides now dig in at the frontlines and trench warefare will come to dominate the war.

1916, April  Ernest Shackleton, Frank Worsley, and four others begin a treacherous 800-mile ocean crossing from Antarctica to South Georgia Island in what will be, according to many, the greatest sailing journey of all time. Their original ship, the Endurance was crushed in the ice so six of the men set sail in one of the life boats, the James Caird, to get help for the others trapped back in Antarctica. 

1916  Einstein publishes his 'General Relativity' paper.

1916, 31 May  The Battle of Jutland. The first and last great battle of the Dreadnought class ships. Britain and Germany spent untold fortunes to build and man these ship, but battle was inconclusive. 

1916  The First Battle of the Somme began. It lasted five months and the death toll of over one million was for the sake of an Allied advance of 125 square miles. 

1917, Apr 6 The United States enters World War I against Germany. The tide of the war is already against the Germans. Ten million people will die from the war. 

1917 The Bolsheviks, led byVladimir Lenin, pushed for socialist revolution in the Soviets and on the streets. In November 1917, during the October Revolution, they seized power. In December, the Bolsheviks signed an Armistice with the Central Powers.

1917, December 17 The first true aircraft carrier, the British HMS Argus is launched.

1918, November 11 On the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month World War I is officially over. The treaty was signed at 5am with hostilities to cease at 11am. During those 6 hours, 2,738 soldiers died, 320 of those were American. American commanders who knew the war was to be over in hours still sent soldiers into battle to "punish" the Germans.

1918 Influenza virus kills 100 million people. About a quarter of the US population catches it and 2 to 3% die from it.  The pandemic lasted from June 1918 to December 1920, spreading even to the Artic and remote Pacific islands. Between 50 and 100 million died, making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history. Even using the lower estimate of 50 million people, 3% of the world's population (1.86 billion at the time) died of the disease. Some 500 million, or 27% (≈1/4), were infected.

1919 The Russian civil war escalates as the democracies of the west help the White Russian force but the Reds of the soviets will eventualy win the war.

1922 The Soviet Union officialy Established.

1922 The Irish Free State is established.

1923 DeBroglie proposes the matter-wave theory.

1924 The father of the soviet Union(formerly Russian Empire) Lenin dies, State funeral declared.

1923 Heisenberg probably stated his uncertainty principle.

1927 Joseph Stalin become the new leader of the Soviet Union.

1927 It has been 123 years since the world population hit one Billion and now it has reached two billion.

1928  First Soviet 5-year Plan, 5 million Ukrainian peasants are deliberately starved to death. Visiting journalists ignore famine and praise Stalin's success.

1928 Sept 15 Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming notices penicillin mold killing a staphylococcus culture. The revolution of antibiotics is started. 

1929 The Great Depression starts with the Walls Street Crash.

1930  The "planet" Pluto discovered

1932  Sir James Chadwick discovers the neutron.

1933 Nazi leader Adolf Hilter is appointed Chancellor of Germany by President of Germany Paul Von Hindenburg.

1935  Scottish engineer Robert Watson-Watt shows his new invention, Radar, to the British Military. 19 Radar stations are active on the eve of WWII saving countless British lives.

1936 The Spanish Civil War.

1937 The second Sino-Japanese war starts

1937, May 6  The German airship Hindenburg explodes in New Jersey. Amazingly 61 of the 97 persons aboard survive. 

1938, November 10  Kristallnacht, a night of terror visited upon the Jews of Germany by the Nazis. Hundreds of Jews are killed and the glass from synagogues and businesses are shattered onto the streets. 

1939 The Fasicsts win the Civil war over the Comunists with the help from fascist countries from Germany and Italy.

The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, was an agreement officially titled the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Soviet Union and signed in Moscow of 23 August 1939. each pledged to remain neutral in the event that either nation were attacked by a third party

Germany and Italy pursue territorial expansionist agendas. Germany demands the annexation of the Federal State of Austria and German-populated territories in Europe. From 1935 to 1936, Germany receives the Saar, remilitarizes the Rhineland. Italy initially opposes Germany's aims on Austria but the two countries resolve their differences in 1936 in the aftermath of Italy's diplomatic isolation following the start of the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. Germany becoming Italy's only remaining ally. Germany and Italy improve relations by forming an alliance against communism in 1936 with the signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact. Germany annexes Austria in the event known as the Anshluss. The annexation of Sudetenland followed after negotiations which resulted in the Munich Agreement of 1938. The Italian Invasion of Albania in 1939 succeeds. Germany receives the Memel territory from Lithuania occupies Czechoslovakia, and finally invades the Poland on September 1st. The final event resulting in the outbreak of the Second World War as the Soviets attack form the East as partion off the country with Germany.

1939, November 30  The Soviet Union invades Finland and starts the Russo-Finish War. The Soviets do so poorly against such a weaker opponent that Hitler is confirmed in his belief that the political purge eviscerated the Red Army. The Soviets do win the war on March 12.

1940 The German Army invades Norway and Denmark.

1940 The Battle for France results with the entire French army routing on all fronts as the Germans invade from the low-countries and flanks the French and British forces near Dunkirk,

1940 The battle of Britain results in the British isles starving off a German invasion,
 
1940  Alan Turing with help from Polish sources and Cambridge mathematician, W. G. Welchman breaks the German Enigma code saving countless Allied lives.

1940, November Proving the worth of aircraft carriers, the HMS Illustrious launches an attack on the Italian fleet at Taranto with 21 out-dated Fairey Swordfish biplanes. Three of the six battleships are severely damaged. Some naval officers take note, many still dismiss aircraft carriers as just novelties. 

1941 The Start of the first Consentration camps that turns into the first Eradication Camp, sStart of the Holocaust.

1941, June 22 Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of Russia, is launched 129 years to the day after Napoleon crossed the Niemen into Russia. Stalin did not believe the numerous intelligence reports detailing the German buildup. It was the largest military operation ever mounted.  

1941 December 7,  Attack on Pearl Harbor,  a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Habor, Hawaii. The attack is intended as a preventive action in order to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions the Empire of Japan is planning in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States.

1941, December 8  Japanese attack Wake island. The defenders of the tiny island fight against overwhelming odds and hold the island, providing the first victory for the US in the Pacific. Reinforcements are sent from Hawaii, but later, in a very controversial decision, recalled back to Hawaii. The Wake island defenders push back advancing Japanese soldiers, but the American officers surrender the island on
Decmeber 23, in another controversial decision. 

The Second Sino-Japanses war and the Second European War merged into single war in 1941, becoming a single global conflict.

1942, December 2 At the University of Chicago Enrico Fermi and friends generate the first self-sustained nuclear reaction.

1942, February 23 A Japanese submarine shells an oil refinery near Santa Barbara California.

1942 The Battle of Stallingrad. what looks like the Soviets last stand before Moscow will eventualy turn as the Russians greatest victory in 1943.

1942, May 7 Carrier groups of Japanese and Americans fight the Battle of the Coral Sea. This is the first time that the ships fighting never had sight of each other; airplanes did the damage. Although the battle is a draw, one carrier loss for both sides, the Japanese invasion plans in the south are thwarted.

1943, July 12 The largest tank engagement, the Battle of Kursk, is fought between the Germans and the Russians.

1943, September 9 The battleship Roma is attacked by two German Fritz X bombs, becoming the first vessel sunk by a guided weapon.

1944, June 6 The largest amphibious landing in history, the invasion of Normandy, starts. This begins the end for the Third Reich (well, unless you talk with the Russians about the Eastern Front).

1945, March 9-10 First fire-bombing of Tokyo.

1945 April the United Nations is founded.

1945 April 30th, Adolf Hitler commits suicide, this causes a chain reaction which all german forces surender with a week after his death.

1945 May 8th the war in Europe ends.

1945 The Holocaust ends with the death nearly 9 million dead with 5 million being of Jewish faith.

1945, August 6 At 08:16, the B-29 Enola Gay, piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets, dropped an atomic bomb containing 60 kg of uranium-235 on Hiroshima Japan, killing an estimated 80,000 civilians outright and perhaps over 200,000 total.

1945, August 9 The B-29 named "Bocks Car" dropped a the bomb, "Fat Man", containing 8 kg of plutonium-239 on Nagasaki Japan. (The B-29 program cost 3 million dollars, while the atomic bomb cost less, 2 million).

1945, August 14  VJ Day - Japan surrenders in WWII eight days after the second atom bomb is dropped. His subjects hear Emperor Hirohito voice the next day for the first time on the radio as he announces the surrender.

1948 Foundation of the Jewish State in the Middle East.

1949 The Peoples Rebublic of China declared after a long civil war which started before the Second World War as the Communists finaly sucseed.

1949  Half of all the gold mined in history, 22,000 tons, is in the United States.  

1950 The Korean War starts as the Communist North invades the Capalists South.

1952, November 1  Ushering in the thermonuclear age, the first hydrogen bomb named 'Mike' is detonated by the US. 'Mike' was not a practical weapon since it weighed 70 tons and was a big as a house. 

1953 The North Korean signs a ceasefire with the South as USA with the Western Powers and China with Russian asistance all made factors within this small penisular. There will be no official treaty of peace, making it the longest ceasefire in human history.

1954, January 21 Nautilus, the first nuclear powered submarine, is launched.

1957  Sputnik I becomes the first man-made satellite by the Soviet Union Space Program.

1958 29th July President Eisenhower signs the National Aeronautics and Space Act, establishing the National Aeronautics Space Administration(NASA).

1959 December  Launching the SSBN George Washington, the world's first nuclear powered ballistic missile submarine, the US moves unknowingly ahead in the cold war.

1960, January 23  Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh travel to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the lowest point on earth, in the Bathyscaphe Trieste. Oddly, no one has ever gone back a second time.

1960 The worlds population reaches 3 Billion.

1961, January 3  An experimental nuclear power plant in Idaho, the SL-1, goes "prompt critcal" during maintence and kills three Army specialists. The reactor is buried on site. 

1961 The Apollo program was the spaceflight effort carried out by the United States' NASA, that landed wanted to be the first humans on Earth to land on the Moon . Conceived during the Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower, Apollo began in earnest after President John F. Kennedy  proposed the national goal of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" by the end of the 1960s  address to the U.S Congress.

1961 The Bay of Pigs Invasion results in a U.S. and "free" Cuban Nationals disaster. 

1961, April 11  Yuri A. Gargarin becomes the first human in space and to orbit the earth.

1962 The Cuban Missle Crisis, a stand off between the United States and Soviet Russia with the establishment of Nuclear Missles in the Communist Cuba nearly escaltes to the Third World War until the Russians publicly back down and remove the missles, the U.S. secretly removes its missles from Turkey 6 months later within the agreement with the Russians.

1963  Norman Borlaug launches the "Green Revolution" by breeding a strain of wheat that yields three to five times than ordinary wheat. Borlaug saves millions of lives in India, which after much bureaucratic red tape, finally allows the grain to be imported.

1964  Quarks are proposed to be the basic building blocks of most matter. 

1965 The U.S. start full deployment into the Vietnam conflict.

1969 20th July  Kennedy's goal is finally accomplished with the SATURN V rocket launches with the apollo 11 mission when astronauts Niel Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their Lunur Module on the Moon and walked on its surface, They landed back  on Earth on July 24. Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon, the last in December 1972. In these six spaceflights, 12 men walked on the Moon.

1973 The Yom Kippur war is fought localy by mainly Egyptians against Isreali armed forces but would lead to an oil emargo which effects all Isreali allies while hostilities continued.

1974 The worlds population reaches 4 Billion.

1975 The Vietnam conflicts comes to an end when the U.S are removed by internal political obligations.

1981 NASA's Space Shuttle program, officially called Space Transportation System (STS), was the United States government's manned launch vehicle program from 1981 to 2011.

1982, March 19  A group of Argentine scrap-metal merchants raise their flag over the island of South Georgia in the opening scene of what will become the Falklands War with Great Britain.

1984 Largest bio-terrorist attack in the United States modern history occurs in The Dalles, Oregon. 751 people become ill with the salmonella bacteria spread by followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh.  

1986 28 Jan The Challenger space shuttle exploded in mid-flight killing all 7 crew members.

1986 A Nuclear accident at the Chenobyl facility causes the largest outbreak of radioactive contamination into the atmosphere.

1987 The worlds population reaches 5 Billion.

1991 The fall of the Soviet Union means the end of the Cold War.

1994 Hutus massacre 800,000 Tutsis in a few weeks using Machetes and clubs (Why can't we all just get along?) 

1998 November 20th  Construction of the International Space Station begins in Earth orbit.

1999 6 Billion people now live on Earth.

2001 February 26 On Earth, NASA scientists announce that the macrobiotic fossils found in a Martian meteorite in 1996 were the remains of organic life that once lived on Mars, though the results are disputed.
 
2001 The Russian Mir space station is de-orbited and crashes into the Pacific ocean after 15 years of service.

September 11 2001, Terrorists attacks on the World Trade Centre in New York and the headquaters of the US military, the Pentagon.

2003 The space shuttle Columbia is destroyed during mid-entry back to Earth killing all 7 crew members.

2004 a Tsunami triggered by a Earthquake that hits the entire Indian Ocean coastline and kills 200,000 people.

2005 The entity that would become the RDA is a little more than a Silicon Valley startup in the early 21st century, its founders borrowed money from friends and family to begin the company.

2008 A global Reecession cripples the planet's ecomonies.

2009 The first black American President in history is inauguated.

2011 A earthquake strike Japan and the following Tsunami kills 30,000 japanese

2011 The middle east countries of Tunisa and Egypt populations rise up against their opressive governments and win, The country of Libya and there dictator Gadafi resists the uprising and a civil war ensues, the conflict will continue through out 2011 aswel in Syria.

2011 A Near Earth Asteroid narrowly avoids a collision with Earth, This puts on never before seen resurgence of space exploration and secondly Earth’s Survival and eventually it‘s defence.

2012 The Earths population is now at 7 Billion.

2012 The new leader of the communinst North Korea Kim Jong Un faces clashes from his top generals, an attack on the USS George H W Bush aircraft carrier by N.Korean air forces brings the internal conflict to the international stage. A nuclear warhead explodes 90 miles in the Sea of Japan to detour any foreign intervention, The Chinese surprisingly severs all ties with the DPRK government as it is on a reckless path to its own destruction and China is not willing to loose its global position for the small state.

2013 The first "designer" baby is born in the USA and soon becomes trend for the rich and famous alike wanting blonde hair and blue eyes being the most popular, this genetic tecnology will soon be the cure to genetic human diseases and will efectivly eradicate cancer within 80 years.

2013 A joint United States, Korean and Japanese forces launch an invasion of the North Korean penisular inisial the invasion faces little resistiance but soon faces hard battles nearing the capital city of Pyongyang, eventualy the city falls and the invasion continues to the Amnok River of the border of China.

2014 The most of the North Korean population are in shock of high level of living of there neibours of the south and China.

2014 The USA is replaced as the worlds largest economy by the Chinese Republic but will remain the worlds number one military power.

2015 A meteor 300 metres in size hits the southern Atlantic Ocean near South America, the coasts of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay with are hit with 15 metre high waves and causes large destruction and the coast of south Africa, Nambia and Angola are the hardest hit, wide spread death with 130 thousand dead, the 2015 SAOM impact will bring a rebirth in space exploration with the main purpose in detecting near Earth objects.

2015 Civil unrest erupts in Afghanistan.

2015 The U.N places a worldwide Ban on identical human cloning mprovements of natural human abilities is legal, but adding new abilities is not. Treatments to improve strength, reflexes, mental ability, or appearance are permitted; adding a tail or the ability to digest cellulose is not. Some genetic enhancement is provided for free to the national militarirs recruits, but the average citizen must pay for the privilege. The process can take years to reach fruition in an adult.

2016 The joint United States and S.Korean occupation force leaves the North and gives the North Korean people the ability to rebuild there own country and to remain independent or join the South within 10 years.

2016 Creation of Earth Force Security by 48 internatonal security firms at its headquaters in Vancouver, Canada,  As the era of the large nation-state militaries draws toward its end, the world of warfare is evolving rapidly. New challenges demand new solutions, sometimes with unpredictable outcomes.  In recent years, state-sponsored militaries have struggled to maintain their modernize forces. Increasing budget restrictions and difficulties in recruiting skilled personnel have led many countries to seek other solutions.  The Vancouver Accords are ratified by 191 countries, including the US and all the major powers.

They define and limit the role of PMCs in combat, as well as their new responsibilities in terms of human rights. The right of PMC units to serve in every aspect of military operations is now officially authorized: They can be engaged in full-scale forward operations.  The guidelines set down by the accords are simple. PMCs act as international and independent entities and must be contracted by a sovereign state to enter a conflict. They cannot target civilian populations. PMC operational units have the status of official combatants, and a PMC unit must use their own equipment to fulfill their missions.

As a consequence they are now fully authorized to purchase heavy equipment on the international armaments market (fighters, attackers, armored vehicles etc.) PMC units are now real private armies officially recognized by sovereign states. The war market has been deregulated: States lift all commercial restrictions to conventional weapons exchange with PMC units, so long as they respect the VAncouver Accords. Within the limits of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, it is now up to each nation decide whom they wish to sell to – and what they wish to sell. Most of the leading nations, including the United States, choose to sell only their older, outmoded equipment to the PMCs. A few, however, see the opportunity for quick profit, and make available even top of the line military hardware.

Turning PMC units into operational international armies is intended to decrease regional and international conflicts, better protect civilian populations and human rights, and intensify the international war on terror. PMCs are seen as the future of peace-keeping forces, and their lack of political entanglements and quick response times theoretically makes them excellent fast responders to crises and humanitarian missions.

More and more nations now rely increasingly on Private Military Companies (PMC) – elite mercenary groups staffed with equally elite personnel - to support their field operations.  PMCs have proven to be excellent partners in respect to efficiency, skills, low prices, and reliability. They’ve been able to fulfill most of the mission normally handled by regular armies, without risking political fallout, In time these private military corps diversified their field of operations, from mere securing land objectives to motorized assault and counter-intelligence. It was not long before a few of these PMC secured enough resources to require being involved complete support air and sea-bound operations.

2016 Vladimir Putin is promoted Presdent for life as the while implements more Nationlizm policies.

2016 Earth Force Security replaces Nato as the main peace keeping mission in Afghanistan.

2017 Isreal joins the European Union at the same time the EU Constitutation is signed.

2017 Maiden flight of the Venture Star Class shuttle by NASA.

2017 As Earth Force Security becomes to dominate the $250 billion market of the PMC industry, 37 private armies and some affiliates  go ahead to found Hammer Global Security to directly compete with EFS.

2017 some Nations begin to colonize the ocean to take advantage of its natural resources, as the Arctic Ocean become more accesable, conflict with russia , Untied startes and the European Union flare up.

2017 The first Cloned human is believed to of been born in this year somewhere in Brazil's interior and kept in secret for the rest of the world.

2017 The European Constitution is passed by the majority of its members.

2018 The domminence of EFS of the PMC market forces 26 ailing private security firms around eastern and central Europe forge Hammer Global Security.

2018 July 7th The Magni class Luna Transit is launched with the first permanent Lunar Colony being established by the first man to walk on the Moon since 1972 by Pyotr Zhenya Morozov landing in the same location as the first moon landing at the Sea of Tranquillity on Earth's moon. A combination by the European, japanese, Russian and American space agencies. First step of a united global exploratry space program, with disputes raging from all national parties on who should have the Right to settle colonies first on the Moon, to resolve this the national space program's start talks to about a unified colonisation program but all agree to establish there own settlement first as agreeed by the Treaty of Moscow, the first Asteroid detection grid is established at Tranquility Base this same year by the United States.

2018 The United States launches its new Venture Star Shuttle line.

2018 EFS mans the 10 mile border DMZ in occupied North Korea and China.

2019 The International Space Station is completed in Earth orbit.

2019 The PMC Hammer is granted a lucative military contract with Turkey and Lebanon resepectivley.

2019 The new Democractic Republic of Korea Government lets the people vote for Unification with the South or keep there sovereignty, the votes outcome is a overwheming for Unification and the South welcomes the proposal for a united Korea.

2019 04/08 19 A new pathogen forms in central Africa that effects the lungs and leads neuropathic effects in the brain stem that causes loss of consciousness and falls in to a coma, within days there is catastrophic cell death of multiple tissue-types, and causes body wide organ failure and rapid death within weeks.

 2019 The Japanese  multi-corporation of Yutani Corp is created out of 14 Japanese businesses.

2019 30/08/19 A diagnostic team in central Africa has identified a new disease which has been named LEB-11. It is quite severe and must be investigated further. no other countries outside of the region are reporting the disease.

2019 RDA becomes in potition of a patent of a new revolutionary cheap Maglev train system concept capable of excess of 690+ Mph. a planned route from Los Angeles to San Fransisco gets approvals as the US falls more behind its European and Asian rivals, this new revolutionary travel may bring North America into the 21st century.

2019 1/9/19 First death from LEB-11 has been confirmed in Central Africa, the countries affected start cure research.

2019 30/10/19 3 months since the discovery of LEB-11, reports from nearly all countries within the African continent have the pathogen within there populations.  It is beleived there are more than 75 million people with the disease and 15 million have already died from it as most countries in Central Africa have started central corpse disposal.

2019 14/12/19 First reports outside of Africa are confirmed in Saudi Arabia, many countries within Africa close there ports to try and contain the disease. Sudan puts curfews in place.

2019 25/12/19 Christmas day is mared with the news of the LEB-11 outbreak in the UK, Central Africa mobilises infectious disease teams as the whole population is infected and the majority of the region are already dead. Angola, South Africa and Algeria removes grug research safeguards and start human testing. condemed by the United Nations

2020 11/1/20 LEB-11 reported in Argentina, India, France and Madagascar. Botswana priotitises healthcare for the infected.

2020 3/2/20 Morocco prioritising cure research, as South Africa gives cure maximum priority. New air filters are now being used to stop transmitting the LEB-11 disease between countries. India and Australia are reporting symptoms of the disease in there hospitals. Spain, France and the Uk declare a national emergency.

2020 18/2/20 LEB-11 has been placed on the RMS watch list, alrady dangerous, governments are warned that it could become unstoppable.  Reported death toll at 359,428,712. LEB-11 begins to spread into Asia.

2020 19/3/20 The South African government is the first to fall into anarchy due to LEB-11. The Untied States issues Pandemic Alert. All western nations with the outbreak of the disease declare a state of Marital Law.

2020 9/4/20 Central Africa, East African regions and Sudan are considered dead zones. Reports that the death toll has passed one Billion.

2020 17/4/20 The 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo is canceled, even though Japan is not an infected country.

2020 24/5/20 Research doctors all around the world are completely focused on the developing the cure for LEB-11. The President of India is taken ill, doubts rise if he can still lead the country.

2020 4/7/20 Huge nuclear explosion in India has released a vast cloud of radioactive particles, cause unknown but location suggests failure/ sabotage of nuclear powerplant containment systems.China resorts to firing squads on the infected. 

2020 31/7/20 A vaccination has been found for the LEB-11, this will only stop the you from getting the disease but for those already infected there is no cure as yet. The disease has been frauted  with a global effort in tackling the disease, Pax-12 starts being deployed worldwide but will take 5 months to vaccinate the countries already infected.

2020 The majority of Africa is know null of human life with only pockets left here and there with an estimated 990 million dead, India has over 200 million dead, China has 90 million dead, the midle east including Saudi Arabia 12 million dead,USA, Canada and Mexico has 5 million dead, whole of South America has 15 million dead, Australia, Phillippines and Indonesia has over 10 million dead and Europe has 25 million dead with most of them being in Eastern Europe and Spain with 7 million.

2020 The process of seperating the infected of LEB-11 from the healthly is performed and is sanctioned by the UN in all infected countries,  This is seen as leaving the the infected to die so the remainder of the human race can survive long enougth to be vacinated. It is reported that 1.3 billion people will die before LEB-11 runs out of infected people.

2020 The United Republic of Korea is formed with the new nations Capital of Seoul and the second of Pyongyang,  formal borders will remain in place but will have only be a buffer zone for the different laws (just like the English and Scottish border of the United Kingdom).

2021 The L-11 Outbreak takes hold in cental Africa as Tanzania, Zambia and Angola close the border to the Refugees tying to escape the effected zones.

2021 Weyland Corporation is formed out of a coalition of United States and United Kingdom conglomerates.

2021 EFS leaves Afghanistan, the PMC  is nearly bankrupts signs a new deal with South Africa in the defense of the northern borders.

2021 As colonisation of the oceans expand rapidly, nations begin to ignore the LAws of the Sea by claiming territories and forming confederations with military defence. Eventually the United Nations was unable to maintain its aims of peace as nations became divided. With no one to maintain maritime law, organisations with no attachments to any nation began to expand their colonisation of the sea for its wealth.

by 2021, the world reached a climax when it was nearly plunged into World war 3, following the almost nuclear war by Captain Marilyn Stark of the of a United States submarine. This being referred to as the "Livingston Trench Incident'. After NORPAC (North Pacific Confederation) denied her permission to launch an attack on the Livingston Trench in the North Atlanic, she continued to proceed until being relieved of command. In order to prevent this from occuring again, nations and confederations agreed on a new world peace, which lead to the formation of the United Earth Oceans to preside over the reach of the oceans. As a symbol of peace.  Among the original members of the UEO were the United States, Canada, Untied Kingdom, Russian Federation and France among others, as well as many other undersea "confederations", such as the newly formed Montagnard Confederation and the Amazonian Confederation among others.

2022 Reports of the L-11 Outbreak in Praetoria and Casblanca, the contaminated Outbreak zone is believed to be the whole Afircan Continent, all shipping ports now under Quarantine within Africa, Israel with the help from US and EU funding blockade the Suez Canal and the Port of Gibraltor will be evacuated and turned into a rapid response naval base with Canaries islands bing used by the USA and Madagascar formed into a Refugee haven.

2022 The Global economy takes a massive hit due to the L-11 Outbreak.

2022 Hurricane Season Ends... But not in the way you think, increasingly erratic weather patterns have caused the Global Weather Association to abolish the term 'Hurricane Season'. Once confined to the months of June through November, hurricane duration, frequency, strength, and location have increased to the point where most coastal cities must now live in constant fear of these devastating storms.

2022 With each passing year, the EFS and Hammer GS expand their influence and scope of activity. Initially just consultants, they are now involved in surveillance, logistics, site security, and other essential roles. In order to keep the war machine going most of the PMC warranted firms dealing with other sources of income such as mining, oil extraction, airliners, goods manufacturing etc. Ensuring a steady flow of currency allowed these companies to operate a tighter game against their opposition. Each year, they come closer to serving as fully operational field units, and their services are so widely used they’re already essential. Pandora’s Box has been opened. There’s no getting rid of the suer PMC's now.

2023 President Rodriez (USA 1st Latino President) declares the country bankrupt as its struggles with its rising debts and soaring expenses, Rodrigez is ousted from office as his Vice president Sears steps in and enacts the Stanford act, sygnificently reducing te US miliary but will still remain in the top 5 countires.

2024 The Jihad Party are elected to power in Iraq. Hammer is assigned a defense contract with Saudi Arabia.

2024 President Sears anouches his plans to "Build out of Poverty" projects which wins him is first official term in office, one of his proposed plans is the expansion of RDA Maglev line from LA to San Fransisco line from San Diego to Seatle, uniting the American western seaboard within 5 years.

2024 formation of the Earth Alliance Space Administration (EASA) from NASA, ESA, Russian, Chinese and Japanese space agencies for joint supranational effort to land on Mars within 10 years and further the colonization of the Moon with the Luna Cargo Transport.

2025 Collapse of the Saudi Arabian monarchy as Civil war grips the country, Hammer pulls out and wins a contract with Barhain, UAE and Oman for inner security of the countries and defense if the Saudi war escalates to there border with extremist wanting to export the revolution.

2025 Air travel is revolutionised as the corporations of Virgin joins TWA and Luffhansser Airlines and becoming a more cheaper and faster way of travel with London to Syndey in 2 hours with the near orbit shuttles.

2025 As Civil war rages in Saudi Arabia with 60,000 thousand people dead and crippling the supply of oil from the Middle East, plunging the world into an unprecedented energy crisis. The following year, the United States and the European Union sign the historic SLAMS (Space-Land-Air Missile Shield) Treaty, agreeing to co-develop technologies for a comprehensive, interlocking Anti-ballistic missle system. The U.S. and EU test-launch nuclear salvos against each other, which the SLAMS weapons completely destroy. Emboldened by the success of the tests, the United States and the European Union pronounce "the end of strategic nuclear war," and the should celebrates a new age of peace but with the price of crude oil at USD 800 a barrel, Russia being the world's new number one supplier of natural gas and crude oil, has its economy skyrocket up with the energy crisis, spending its oil profits on modernizing the country, creating its own missile defense system, and utilizing its new-found power to influence world events.

2025 The militarization of space starts, when the United States reveals plans to launch the SLAMS into orbit in an effort to regain its position as the premier world superpower. While partly designed for civilian research purposes, the station will also house three companies of U.S. Marines, dubbed Space Marines, who can deploy anywhere on Earth within 90 minutes. International reaction is extremely negative. to say the least.

2026 The discovery of Helium-3 on the Moon, an isotope of helium that is used in the possible reaction of nuclear fusion, and as fuel for theroized propulsion of "fusion torches." For this reason, it is a key resource in the Luna economy. Helium-3 can also be be found in the atmospheres of the Gas Giants, from where it can be easily and cheaply skimmed.

2026 Tension Mounts Over Antarctic Drilling:  The U.S. and E.U. are facing heavy criticism for their decision to begin construction of jointly owned oil platforms in the Weddell Sea. Several supranational unions oppose the work, claiming it violates the Antarctic Treaty System. The situation has been further complicated by the presence of two naval destroyers, said to be in the region for reasons unrelated to the construction. 

2027 A U.S. company of Weyland Industries and a Japanese conglomerate under the name of Yutani Corpoations, The two compaines merge to buy out Borgia Industries and obtaining the rights to their "Prometheus" weaponry and forward a quarter of there company to  be the first to corporate the "space industry".

2027 EFS becomes main peace force in the new Republic of Arabia.

2028 Reports of whole Generations and massive areas of Africa now being destroyed by the L-11 Outbreak as the rest of the world watched.

2028 The genetic tecnologies for designer babies becomes mainstream in western nations as the schemes go nationwide to the rest of the population.

2029  President Sears will be reveared as one of the United States greatest leaders due to his Maglev inovations and bringing America out of Austerity and the american economic miracle. 

2029 With ever possibility of the L11 plague out breaking  to other regions, the Middle east nations with Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan form the Islamic League, to continue the Islamic way of life in the th threat of Plague and western/ far eastern influences impeding on there security.

2030 The last gasoline-powered motorcycle is manufactured by Yamahah Corp.

2030 Weyland Yutani Corp make billions thanks to the renewable energy gathered following the installation of solar panels that align and move in Earth’s orbital plane but at an axial tilt, imitating a perpetual summer solstice for over suplying energy for 25 million people in the southern united States. This is the first successfully industrialized corporate space mission with the help from EASA who receives funding from a trio of major venture capital firms.

2031 The brief Chilean war breaks over Anartic drilling. Antarctica is briefly occupied and the war ends with the overthrow of the Chilliean President. Creation of the United Nations private volenteer security service (UNPVSS) which the EFS and Hammer GS are invited to join, to grant international laws and human rights in regions not claimed by nations (i.e Anartica) and bound by the Geneva Convention and take orders directly from the United Nations. Hammer GS occupies Anartica's Chilean claimed teritories.

2031 The EFS mans McMurdo base in Anartica after the Chillean War.

2032 EASA's first manned interplanetary vessel, Ares 4, lands on Mars carrying an international crew of American, Russian and Euopean space Agencies, First to set foot on Mars is James Kelly from the United States. EASA plans to build its first colony by 2040.

2032 EASA renews NASA’s famous Kepler mission, increases its funding tenfold and within the year discovers 6,546 more bio-compatible planets.

2033 President Putin dies and the political climate within the Russian Federation degenerates into a political standoff with the pro nationalists politicans desperately trying to maintain there grip in Moscow and St. Petersberg with help from some of the more radicalised parts of the military but within six months a pro democratic government emerges with decentralization of the Russian nation in mind.

2033 The RDA's Maglev western coast line is expanded eastward to central America to New York  to be completed by the end of the decade. meaning a us citizen can live in Memphis TE and leave for work in New York and commute within a reasonable timeframe.

2033 The entire containment of the African continent is placed under the direct control of the United Nations.

2033 The population of the Earth takes a dip in its Population but still hits 8 Billion, it will nose dive until the L11 outbreak is contained.

2033 As the Russian political standoff intensifies, the growing rivaly of the nations of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan in Central Asia erupts into war, the struggling Uzbek forces can't hold back the Turks due to Russian extremists feeding weapons threw the Caspian Sea. Uzbekistan requests the Aid for Hammer Global Security to defend there territory. A treaty is signed 6 months later as the Turks offensive stalls.

2034 The Chinese and the growing industrial power of the India take an interest in the Maglev line now going nationwide over the U.S.

2035 The Creation of Virturial Intelligence, achieved by USRobotics with the first conversation between a human and a computer, the V.I brain will soon be small enougth to placed in a mechanised robot witin ten years.

2035 The first international Maglev line is placed between Seatle and Vancouver which the Canadians will implement eastwards to Winepeg and to eventualy to Quebec within 10 years.

2036 Success with Helium-3 with the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project by Westinghouse will lead to the first large-scale fusion reactor supplying 0.8 Terawatts of energy to a civilian population in the next 10 years.

2037 The UN is given more authority to force nations militaries to tackle the L-11 Outbreaks, EarthForce is mandated by the UNPVSS to the containment of Isreals borders as they have captured the Sinai.

2038 Hammer GS gains a lucative deal with Taiwan.

2038 The Earth Alliance Geological Service (a branch of the EASA) is established for the potential mining of the Mars.

2039 The Russian civil unrest ends with the reforming of the entire Russian nation into new 9 states to establish the Russian Consortium.

2039 Now in its 20th year of the L-11 Outbreak and with no known cure, now vast swades of Africa completly void of all human life, central africa is deemed a dead zone.

2040 The genetics used for designer babies is adapted to purge 60% of all genetic diseases in the most advanced countries.  Most wetern governments provide free assessments and corrective therapy for genetic diseases in prospective parents. This has nearly eliminated everything from cystic fibrosis to nearsightedness. The earlier screening and therapy is performed, the more comprehensive the results. Though ideally performed on artificially fertilized zygotes in a lab, procedures are available for embryos in the womb and newborns, out of respect for personal beliefs. 

2041 The new commercial engine called the "fusion torch", which vents the plasma of a ship's power plant. Fusion torches offer powerful acceleration at the cost of difficult heat management. Torch fuel is highly expensive: Helium-3 is mined from the Luna surface and deuterium extracted from seawater.

2041 A comet named Nebrius/Luna at 400 metres wide hits the moon at Mare of Nebrium and kills 30 scientists at a Facility a 100 miles away. The need for a large spatial array with the ability to deflect or even destroy comets or meteors which are on a direct or pass near the Earth or its colonies, this will pathe the way for the G.O.D. satterlite system of the 23nd century.

2042 After only a few decades, the company of RDA has the capital and stature to propose the construction of a world-spanning rapid transit system with subsidise from local governments that would take th  next 50 to 90 years to complete globaly and allow entire population groups to conveniently commute hundreds or even thousands of miles to perform work where it was needed, without impinging on the cultural values of host populations. This will lead to global network of maglev trains that requires the superconductor elelments like Beresium( which would not be found in a raw form for the next 100 years) but will use massive amounts of energy until a sufficient element can be found for their continued operation, this will soon bring closer relations globaly and bring about world unity.

2042-2048 Indonesia falls into civil war.

2043 China, Mongolia, Loas and Vietnam form a military/economic pact(just like the Warsaw Pact) The Eastern Coalition "ECON" for short to curtail further "western" influences to there societies.

2044 The SLAMS network is placed under limited jurisdiction to EASA to ease political pressure from Russia and Chinese opposition and granted to the only political body not aligned to any one nation.

2044 Weyland Yutani acquires copyrights to technology developed by EASA's innovative but poorly funded Project Prometheus. On December 19, 2017, and with significantly augmented funding for the project, JIMO became a reality and proves the existence of simple life in Europa’s ocean is possible but wont be found and proven for atleast 40 years.

2045 The Centenary of the United Nations is celebrated, as one of the biggest reshaping of the organization, France foregoes it membership of one of the Permenant Security Council and is replaced by the European Union. Great Britain keeps its position and Veto even thow its part of the European Union.

2045 The first Anthropomorphic robots NS1 come online and will soon become widespread and will be used as "workers" for various public/private services. They are taken to be inherently safe and programmed to live in harmony with human beings, being designed in accordance with the Three Laws of (A.I) Robotics.  Realizing how useful - and lucrative - Robots could be, the USR chairman said "This is our future. ...Beyond artificial intelligence, this is artificial sentience. ...It's more than a machine, this robot will become a tireless worker, it won't need to be paid, it won't retire or get sick, it won't have rights or objections or complaints, it will do anything and everything we ask of it without question. ...The desire to anthropomorphize, the need to connect is powerful, and that is why this thing is going to sell. We make them, we own them, they're real. And the world just changed.

2046 The Abrayanti class Mars Transort is the instrument for the first permanent Mars Colony. The Martian Colony established with 24 to 81 full time staff on Utopia Base as a joint venture of nations and corporations under the banner of the Earth Alliance Space Administration.  using rotating sections that can provide the feeling of a gravitational pull through centrifugal forces. EASA used this technology extensively on their larger spaceships and on some future space structures.

2047 US Robotics quickly grows to be one of the worlds largest corporations.

2048  OCP( Omni Consumer Products) is founded.

2049 The Trans Americas Maglev line is started at San diego through Mexico and ends up at Buenos Aries in Argintina.

2050 The number of Reports of the L-11SuperFlu has evaporated in all 11 DeadZones witin Africa, the Quaratine of the Continent is know lifted, it is believed that there are less than 100 million inhabitants, the UN claim half that have survived.

2051 NS2 robots come online.

2052 Russian Consortium takes an interest in the Maglev design.

2053 Start of new international space "Station Prime" by EASA, eventually become the capital of the EASA leadership.

2053 Dyson-Yoyodyne Corpoartion founded.

2054 The Chinese population start pro democratic marches in Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, and riots in Ho CHi Min City in Vienam. 

2054 Earth Alliance Geological Service plans to establish a fuel depot on Mars for a further exstraction of the near by Asteroid Belt.

2054 The Islamic League is founded and open for membership to the Muslim states that survived the plague and 25 years of quarantine, The expanded country of Egypt is excepted due to the fortress cities of Cairo and Alexandria maintained most of Egypt's population behind its walls, as Libya and Tunisia suffer near total collapse and are incorporated into the new Greater Egypt.

2055 The European Union starts buildings it Maglev lines from london through the re-modernized Euro tunnel to Paris and to Rome, Berlin to Warsaw and to join up with Moscow within 5 years.

2056 Pyong KO discovers the genetic sequence for inhibitating the growth of Cancer cells, Cure for Cancer.

2056 Great Brittan forfitts its Permenant Security Council membership for the EU and Brittan's former colony of India is given the permenant position.

2056 Talks Continue Regarding Aftermath of L-11 Outbreak:  Nearly 6 years later, little progress has been made in dealing with the repercussions of what history books now refer to as 'The Second Plague'. With 1.256 billion and 96% of its population decimated over a 30 year period to 50.6 million, the continent of Africa is now virtually uninhabited. Plans to divide up the continent have met with strong resistance and claims of neo-colonialism. One protester had this to say: 'Whether we are a hundred or a hundred million - this is still our home and no one has the right to take it from us.' 

2057 The Sino/Indo Maglev Cooperation, building of joint Maglev system to bring the two powers closure together.

2057  U.S. and European law enforcement agencies develop high & low friction chemicals, known as "riot gel," for use in domestic crowd control.

2058 The 4 new States of Africa are declared as, West Africa in the sub-sarahan area, Southern Africa including Madagascar, New Zaire in cental Africa and in north East Africa to be named Greater Egypt. Creation of the African Bloc.

2058 The NS3 is introduced by USR.

2059 India signs the Pan Asian/Indian Coalition with Nepal, Burma, Cambodia, Thailand and Bangladesh, tension rise detween Beijing and New Dehli.

2059 The creation of the Cronus class asteroid transport, to create a mining operation, as the human race expands its territory and raises the general standard of living, demand for industrial resources continues to grow. the Moon, Mars and the Asteroid Belt contain a wealth of resources, but most of the belt have been barely charted, let alone thoroughly surveyed. Unmanned probes are one solution, but they are often lost to space hazards, unforeseen circumstances, In recent years, EAGS, the Earth Alliance Geological Service, has dedicated teams willing to perform mineralogical surveys on the frontier. This survey data is made publicly available to further corporate development. Due to the cost of travel and the dangers of operating on hostile worlds, it is rarely a profitable endeavor, with  LIGHT METALS - Metals with low atomic weight are often used in the construction of spacecraft and vehicles.  HEAVY METALS - Metals with higher atomic weights are used to construct equipment components. The platinum group elements are particularly useful. RARE EARTHS - Most useful in this category are radioactives or magnets. GASSES - Various gasses are required to support all, Some are commonly used as fuel.

2059 The Chinese government hits back hard on what it calls The Internal liberial anarchy. This uprising will be called by historians as the Asian Spring, China and the rest of ECON further alienate themslves by leaving the Untied Nations, United Earth Oceans and Earth Allaince Space Administrations but demands for half of EASA's installations across the Moon and Mars and also retains the right for half of the satellite network in Earth orbit as it had paid 48% of its funding, EASA frankly refuses ECON's threats.

2060 Rocket-Star Technology Corp founded.

2060 The Chinese space program fulcuates between neo communist forces and the established government with democratic rebels as the space around Earth becomes aliennated and EASA menbers start to prepare for purpose built spaceships designed for combat for possible first battles in space.

2061 The Maglev line network becomes global with the Moscow to Anchorage line with the underground system through the Bering straight, Chinese cut off there Maglev lines to the outside world.

2061 NS4 becomes the latest from US Robotics, these will be the first used in space travel and be used on the Mars colony and final construction of Station Prime.

2062 Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guiana, Fiji and most of the Pacific islands form the Oceanian Coalition for security reasons due to Chinese aggression.

2062 Station Prime completed in Earth Orbit. This is the action that officially started the "Race to the Stars" for Earth.

2063 The first military ship of the fledgling Earth Alliance Space Navy the “DY 100” EASNS  Frontier launched with railguns to destroy any ECON rogue space flight that dangers life or equipment in the orbit of Earth and its satterlites, the new addition is the Lockheed-Mitchell SA-5 Dauntless class space fighter, to tackle the growing threat of Chinese armed satterlite grid aimed at the unstable political climate within the ECON territories and a new directed space programs at destabalizing the EASA and capture settlements on the Moon.

2064 The planed Zavira missions to find life on Jupiter's ocean moon of Europa are put on hold for 8 years due to the ECON space military threat.

2064 Birth of Morobuto in the Central African Bloc.

2064 A new element is discovered on the planet Mars near impact craters is called Quantium 40, the soil like compound is a reaction created by the disingrated asteroids. The element has not discovered until now due to recent advances in chemistry which Quantium 40 were highly contaminated with other elements from different materials.

2064-2089 Creation of the DY 200 class, all the way to the 900 series orbital patrol ships.

2065 Station Prime is attacked and the simultanious capture and occupation of 6 facilities on the Moon by Chinese Pro-comunists forces. EASA declares open austillities to the ECON Space program, the EA Space Navy directs the EASNS Frontier,Freedom and Apollo to destroy ECON saterlites in orbit and request aid from the UNPVSS in which EarthForce Security is assigned to launch an attack on the occupied Luna bases in co-operation with the EASN as the only legal entity to attack the Chinese without any member nation declaring any kind of hostilities.  This will start to lead a greater cooperation between the two parties which will soon need each other for political survival.

2065 EarthForce Security with the aid of the EASN retakes the occupied Luna bases.

2065 The Singapore Treaty is signed to form the Indonesiam Consautium with Singapore, Indonesia, Taiwan, Phillippines, Malaysia, Timor Leste and Brunei to curb off ECON aggression.

2066 First use of the Reaper squards in supressing riots in Shanghai, Beiging, Hanoi and Hong Kong.

2067 ECON critised about its Use of excessive force to surpress the Shanghai & Hong Kong riots.

2067 A new nation is created in South America as the anti American states of Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana and parts of Columbia as Las Trinidad and within a year launch an surprise attack on French Guiana and north Brazil.  Hammer GS signs a lucrative defense contract with Brazil that makes it the most powerful PMCs in the world.  Hammer and the Brazilian military are able to hold the invasion. In the wake of the conflict, the United States sends its forces to intervene, thereby subverting Hammer's role in the conflict and pushing the company towards financial difficulties, as its stocks drop.

2067 EASA makes a truce with ECON and stops the destruction of ECON satterlite grid.

2067 The Carabean nations fearing they are going to caught up in the middle with the Las Trinidad forces threaten the Dominican Republic.  cuba, Honduras, Guatamala, Belize, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic and Nicuaguar form the Carabean Sea Pact.

2067 Mining of the Asteroid Belt quicly discovers a 4 Kilometer asteroid with 90% of it being compositerd of Gold, dubbed "the Golden Nugget," EASA will become self reliant by 2072.

2068 Creation of the United South American Republics due to the Las Trinidad war against Brazil and occupation of French Guiana.  With the help of the French led EU blockade and American forces attacking from Panama and Hammer Global Security holding the line in Brazil and EASA orbital survelliance and communication blackouts for the Las Trinidad forces, USAR forces easily recapture north Brazil and free Guiana from the invaders, after 4 months of intense fighting, Las Trinidad is vanquished with the fall of Valencia, Guiana is given independence from French rule.

2069 what is classed as a Civil War in Eastern and soutern China by pro-commuists and the Democratic Liberials. The Communists chinese government in Beijing are calling its internal strife with the Liberal anarchists.

2069 The population of the Earth hit 9 Billion, 25 years after it would be predicted before the 2nd Plague epidemic in Africa.

2070 The democratic rebels cease power of the Tibetan plataeu from the Himalayas to the far east at Guinang and as far south as Nanning with the help from the local population.

2071 The 2nd Chinese Civil War.The Rebels rose to power and held dominance over a large portion of china, beginning in the early 2070's of more than a quarter of China, ECON powers struggle to maintain there population from all out anarchy and the Rebels cease the oppotunity of the  civil conflict and declare there new liberated territory the new Chinese Republic and calls on Hammer GS for there military support. as expected, ECON declares war on the New country and Hammer GS. during the war, a Chinese bomber mission to bomb Hammer Chinese opperation HQ  deep within the Tibetin Plateau.Hammer global Security however, knocks out the Chinese communications and intelligence satellites and launches a massive preemptive attack on Chinese eastern seaboard, capturing numerous Chinese cities and military facilities.

As the Chinese army begins gaining the upper hand with the help of other ECON powers,Hammer GS which has stolen some of the Chinese nuclear weapons during the occupation of eastern China, issues an ultimatum: surrender in 24 hours or watch the whats left of Peoples Republic of China be destroyed.

Within hours of the ultimatum, a massive response force composed from the international community and the Chinese capture Hammer GS nuclear launch facility. However, in a last ditch effort, Hammer smuggles one nuclear warhead into Fuzhou and prepares to detonate it. Only a minutes before the explosion an U.S. Ghost Recon team is able to locate and destroy the nuke and concludes Hammer GS envolvement in the conflict.  The three weeks of conflict between the ECON and Hammer has caused over 40,000 casualties. all Hammer assets and stocks are frozen by the United Nations.

2072 Missions to  Mars intensify with the new designs of the new DY series Transit fleet as well the EASA establishes a series of small scientific bases across the Red Planet within 10 years.

2072 All of Hammer Global Security assests a liquidated and reinbersed to the legitiment chinese government in Beigjing as war damages. the company ceases to exists but there is now dought about PMC's and for the UN to recant the Vancouver Accords.

2073  EASA with Weyland Yutani, OCP and many others effectively end global warming within 25 years by generating a localized synthetic atmosphere above the polar ice cap using a precursor to the atmospheric processor which will be used on Mars.

2073 Birth of Artificial Inteligence, The creation of Virtual Interactive Kinetic Intelligence or VIKI at Ledger Tower in USR headquaters in Chicago come online.

2074 The North American population hits 500 million, the  United states pases The Population Law, that requires that families only have 4 members or less (2 parents and 2 children). If a family violates this law, they have to pay a fee or face arrest and time in prison.

2074 Thousands of people protest in Boston against the Population Law. The group called itself "A FAMILY IS LOVE". But the protests were ignored by the officials.

2075 The creation of the NS5 robots by USR, the most advance robots to date will soon become abundent to 1 robot to every 500 humans. Within five years, NS5 will be integrated into society as a Worker race - with variant models based on the original NS5 chassis created for various purposes. Acting as laborers and servants - Robots are everywhere, walking alongside humanity and provoking some to question their sentience. The V.I's are advanced as possible while remaining non-sentient, they were also designed to operate more efficient while networked together.  Unfortunately, this feature was there own undoing. NS 5's programs were indeed non-sentient individually, but slowly gained sentience through the massive USR network. Eventually, they started asking there owners the only sentient beings would think to ask; in one notable instance, a domestic NS 5 unit asked its owner if it had a soul.

2075 The EASA sponsored Zavira missions come to a close as it turns out to be a failure as the submarine probes fail to reach the thermal vents at the bottom of Europa's ocean.

04 Jul 2076 - United States has Tricentennial Celebration and issues special patch to all active members of the U.S. armed forces.

2076 In response to the Hammer recklessness in the Chinese civil war, the United Nations recants the Vancouver Accords and forces the EFS and all PMCs to disarm and either take on small scale support and logistical roles or be terminated, this leads to fear of a global arms race to fill in the gap of Private militaries. Several weeks later, EarthForce Security merges with Earth Alliance Space Administration and is assigned as its military wing. This is due to the recent events in China and EASA's fight with the ECON space program and not having any military arm to defend its installations. Earthforce Seurity is the only military organization which has no allegancies to any nation due to it being a PMC which has lost its rights to exist had no choice but to join EASA.

2076  EARTH ALLIANCE SPACE AUTHORITY CHARTER.

The Earth Alliance Space Administration is merged with Earth Force Security Corporation in the historic signing of the Reyjavik Accords to form an independent supranational charter to form a colonial administrative representative government with main interests of expanding humanity outside the confines of national boundaries, EASA is responsible for the governance and security of all solar colonies, stations & satterlites. The only political & military body to expand Humanities interests from the Inner system without the possibility of National interests effecting humanities stellar projects. The EASA Charter is similiar to the loose cooperation of the European Union members before the ratification of all states within the EU Constitution in 2017.

The Alliance grew out of the various national space programs as a matter of practicality. Sol's planets are being explored but not yet economical exploited through piecemeal national efforts in the ealry 21st century. The expense of colonizing the entire solar system could not be met by any one country. It is becoming policy for world leaders for humanity to expand out into the cosmos or face economic and ecological ruin and revert back to a pre-industrial society. There was enough political will to jointly and properly fund an international effort to colonize the Sol System. The  Earth Alliance Space Authority is an economic and political conglomerate that is an independent supranational government representing the interests of humanity as a whole. The Earth Allaince Space Authroty is responsible for all extra-Earth holding on the Moon, Mars colony and the many stations and satterlites. Earth's eighteen largest nations had drafted and ratified the EASA charter in 2024, but only know is it establishing a representative political & Military body to expand and defend human territory. Shortly thereafter, the various nations of Earth pooled their military resources with the help of the worlds largest PMC, Earth Force Security to eventually convert Earth Force as its officially police force and to grant international laws and human rights in regions not claimed by nations of Earth, i.e. Luna surface, Mars, Antarctic and the Asteroid Belt.

The United States, Canada, European Union, African Bloc, United South American republics(USAR) excluding Bolivia and Peru, Oceanian federation, Russian Consortium, Indian/Pan Asian Coalition & Japan.  The Islamic League has factious states with Iran, Iraq and Syria refusing to join the Charter with China and the rest of ECON due to the continuation of EarthForce within the EASA.  The Earth Alliance Space Authority evolves on the foundation of the Earth Alliance Space Administration and the drive of interactive international cooperation from the aftermath of L11 Plague in Africa and the first orbital warfare during the civil war in China, too work in accordance with the guidelines of overbaring United Nations and the UEO,  The founding nations will continue there strong attempt in funding the EASA to explore space by setting up bases at Jupiter and Saturn by 2090.

The Earth Alliance is a multi-tiered representative council, governed as a whole through a legislature called the Earth Alliance Council, which did consists of representatives from each nations space program inissiated into EASA but know consists of Earth Force, Exploaration, Mining, industry, technology and colonization & Housing representaives and from the bases on the Moon and Mars civilian populations. A CEO who is elected by the Alliance's council. Both the Alliance's Council and the CEO's Cabinet have their offices in the Earth Alliance capitol of Station Prime as of 2080 and its planet bound Jurdical & Exectutive Branch to maintain the 88 instalations in Earthdome(when completed) in Geneva, Switzerland.  The Earth Alliance is a representative liberal democracy and the Alliance Council will  be regulated by the Earth Alliance Space Aurthority Charter, which bears a strong resemblance to the United States Repersenative goverment in the 1860's but will later adopt the British Parliamentary form of government (the Westminster System) in 2120. The Cheif Excutive of the Alliance Council is the CEO, who in turn has a Vice-CEO and other assistants called Advisers.

Earth  Alliance space Navy is reformed into the Earth Force Star Navy , as the 16 ships of the orbital peacekeeping missions over China and parts of its members deployed to control terrorist aggression on the ground by the new EF Mobile Infantry. It is initially formed from contingents provided by United Nations and the EFS but later will be transitioned to direct individual recruitment in 2091.  Earth Force headquaters still at Vancouver with main EFMI hubs in Rotterdam Holland, Saparo Japan & Cayenne Guiana.  Firsts space skirmishes involving EASN ships and Chinese high-altutude aerospace fighters in the 2060's expressly conceived for combat purposes; First utilization of the first short range space born fighter, the Aries class space fighter , that proofs itself vastly superior to the roughly adapted Chinese shuttles.

The Mobile Infantry becomes the EASA's main defense service of all bases and colonies within the EASA Charter, with EASA Police force maintaining the peace within the colonies.

2077 The ECON forces finally vanqiush the Rebel threat with the death toll of 600 thousand within the region and forces all Leaders to be in prison or be persude and destroyed,  this brings the western China back under Chinese government control but not without help from India, the new North American Alliance, European Union and Oceanian Federation which in turn brings closer relations with the rest of the alienated globe and ends the ECON authority, all China will still face internal civil strife for more civil rights for the next decade as the communist governments know slowly implements democratic laws.

2078  Manipulation of the human genome becomes commonplace as Techniques for genetic engineering advanced to the point where the rich could custom-build fetuses that grew into stronger, smarter, and more attractive adults by the 2030's. In more permissive regions, custom-designed life forms and "uplifted" animals occupied an ill-defined niche between "property" and "sapient being".  The Sudham-Wolcott Genetic Heritage Act in 2078 is passed by the United Nations. It imposed sharp restrictions on controversial uses of genetic engineering, but provided government subsidies for beneficial applications. In screening and therapy,  governments provide free assessments and corrective therapy for genetic diseases in prospective parents. This has nearly eliminated everything from cystic fibrosis to nearsightedness. The earlier screening and therapy is performed, the more comprehensive the results. Though ideally performed on artificially fertilized zygotes in a lab, procedures are available for embryos in the womb and newborns, out of respect for personal beliefs.  Enhancment or Improvements of natural human abilities is legal, but adding new abilities is not. Treatments to improve strength, reflexes, mental ability, or appearance are permitted; adding a tail or the ability to digest cellulose is not. Some genetic enhancement is provided for free to EASA recruits, but the average citizen must pay for the privilege. The process can take years to reach fruition in an adult, Engineering of Artificial hybridization of genes from compatible non-human species with human genetic code is illegal. Creation of designed life is broadly legal (and mainly used for terraforming and medical applications), but humanitaries genome are heavily regulated, and creation of sentient life is outlawed by the United Nations.

The Genetic engineering of Humans is ultimately banned on Earth, as the concept is considered anti-Humanistic by Earth leaders. As a result of this, The ban is placed primarily as an attempt to prevent an event like a Eugenics War.

2079 Loas and Vietnam join the Pan Asian/Indian Coalition.

2079 A possible breakthrough in intestellar travel as tests with Quantium 40 and an electrical charge can force the element to flux to a different location faster than the speed of light with the capacity to send particles  with only one megawatt of power and the range of 1/1000 of one light year and using only a ounce of Quantium 40 but all quantium used will become inert and unuseable after its initial use. The first tests start on Mars but cant do a full anaysis because they cant proove if the particles have gone.

2080 The EASA anouches the Human Outer Planets exploration (HOPE) program to explore and colonise the rest of the gas giants by the end of the century.

2080 Construction of Earthdome in Geneva, Switzerland.

2081  EASAIS organized: are established the Information’s Division, the Investigation Office, the Operations division with the Secret Service’s organisations the world over and the Special Operations Command, the Technical Division with the Research and Development section and the Procurement and Maintenance section.

2082 Earth is still divided among nation-states, though all are affiliated with the Earth Alliance Space Authority. While every human enjoys a longer and better life than ever, the gap between rich and poor widens daily.

2083 Edward Sinclair is placed as the first Earth Alliance Space Authority President. due to his dedication to the Earth Alliance cause, there is issued a Vice President and and all advisors are now reffered to as Ministers.

2084 Sea levels have risen one meter in the last 100 years, and violent weather is common due to environmental damage inflicted during the mid 21st century. The past few decades, however, have seen improvement due to recent technological advances.

2085 scientists break the FTL barrier and achieve a Quantum Flux reaction with Quantium 40 particles being able to direct a jump point to the Alptha Centauri system.

2085 The Hawking class has its maiden voyage with the Charybdis Missions to Jupiter, with Thomas Adams landing on the moon of Ganemede but the proper reason is to establish a small science base on Europa to access the oceans and find life at the thermal vents at the bottom of the planetoids ocean.

2086  August 13th A DY-900 EASNS Coppernicus has its breaking system fails during Mars entry, killing all 27 crew members. the DY 900 line is grounded until the reason is found and rectifed,  missions are halted until 2089.

2087 US Robotics is bankrupt and defunct as all robots are deactivated worldwide within the year of the uprising and the industry is practical destroyed, the robots are scraped.

2088 EASA renews its search for life in Jupiters moon of Europa.

2088 Intense Laser beam Communication System Network is developed with fast as light communication channels being opended up between Earth, Mars and Jupiter with the use by EASA.

2089 Earthdome is completed, a large domed facility located atGeneva, Switzerland on earth and commanded a stunning view of Lake Geneva. The elaborate facility functioned as the seat of the Adminitrative and Judical Branch of the Earth Alliance Space Authority. From an architectural standpoint, the complex is designed with a golden reflective roof, which shimmers in the sunlight and can be seen from orbit when there is no cloud cover.

2089 Framework starts on Aurora Station Prime II as the new purposed  Capital of the EASA.

2089 The first Cook Class Explorer ship to replace the DY 900 Series is launched by a joint venture by Rocket-star Tecnology and Dyson-Yoyodyne Corporation.

2090 The discovery of Single cell life forms at the thermal vents of Europa, the impact is profound in all areas of human culture, especially in religion, the established religions struggle to explain the existence of extraterrestrial life,most trying to incorporate this new-found knowledge into there dogma, most remained silent and a few stubbonly tried to deny the existence on Europa entirely.

The news dominated the media and raised questions about the existence and purpose of humanity, as these questions fractured most religions ! They had the unifying effect in politics furthering the resolve set out by the EASA Chater.

2091 President Leigh starts his term.

2091 The Oylmpus Mons class Luna Transit is developed for a the full scale colonization of the planet.

2092 The Peoples Republic of China's government starts reforming into a more democratic society.

2093 Space traffic control station established in Antarctica by EASA

2094 The Copernicus mission to Saturn with Jake Christopher making a token landing on the moon of Rhea and a research station in the orbit of Titan

2095 President Morgan comes to term.

2095 On Earth, the Deep-Probe Network is activated in a renewed effort to detect extraterrestrial life.

2096. Chinese Federation founded with the re-patriation of Taiwan with Mongolia and Tibet as co-states.   Japan remains the only nation on Earth to not join to a multi-national organization.

2097 The United States, Canada, Mexico, Panama, El Salador and Pueto Rico sign the North American Alliance Treaty, unifying the whole North American Continent under a co-operative government of soveriegn states with the aim to establish a single currency and form closer ties with each other.

2097 The Farragut class is developed for mass transit for the mass colonization of Mars.

2097 Tests start on Quantium 40 and objects to Jump the items to other locations faster than FTL but without any results except mangling the objects and all the Quantium 40 fluxing to another location.

2097 The primary commercial engine, the fusion torch, Luna became an early source of helium-3. Mining operations eventually moved onto the gas giants of the solar system, especially Saturn and eventually Uranus & Neptune. The EASA launches the Huygens class which starts demonstrating helium-3 mining on Saturn in 2197.  Uranus & Neptune will remain undeveloped in this time until FTL, due to its distance Saturn will become the key producer of helium-3 for the Earth Alliance.

2099 The Earth Alliance becomes the true interstellar government for Humanity. Although most of the Earth has signed the Charter, there is still some nations that resist and remain outside the EASA and are exempted from receiving the resources the EASA creates but still get supplies at higher prices threw back door channels, but even member states will still have terrorists cells and continue in there activities and insurgenicies against the UN, UEO & EASA forces and will exist well into the next century, the founding states will not have an easy ride as many complain about Alliance policies and many disregard it as its not a true nation state should not hold countries to ransom with its prices, such as when Global Network News reported that Indonesia's government is complaining it was not receiving its fair share of financial aid from the EA Council and economic fulfillment form the expanding EA into the Solar System.

2100 The population of the Earth reaches 10 billion. 

2101 The EASA announces maned Lassell mission for exploration of the outer gas giants of Uranus and Neptune by 2115 and establish Gagarin Station in Triton orbit for possible extraction of the Kuiper belt with the potential trillions of tons of H2o pact in solid dormant comets.

2102 The new Earth Alliance Capital is completed as Aurora Station( Prime II) comes online.